The review analysed 87 studies published from 2015 to 2026 on peptides obtained from quinoa, amaranth, cañihua and lupin. Reported activities include antioxidant, antihypertensive, metabolic, antimicrobial and mineral-chelating signals.

Ultrafiltration, chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry improve identification and characterisation. Fermentation, ultrasound and high pressure emerge as levers for increasing yield, availability and functionality.

Moving towards an ingredient still requires raw-material standardisation, reproducible processing, stability, safety, bioavailability and relevant human studies. The review provides a development map, not proof of a category-wide clinical benefit.

Why it matters

Underused protein sources may support differentiated ingredients combining functionality, biodiversity and process innovation.

Evidence limit

A review of heterogeneous in-vitro, in-silico and in-vivo studies. Biological activity and docking do not equal clinical efficacy or industrial feasibility.

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