GMA
Many polyphenols reach the colon with limited bioavailability in their original form and are transformed by the microbiome into potentially bioactive metabolites. The review organises clinical studies linking these metabolites with microbial composition and health outcomes.
The ability to produce urolithins, equol, phenyl-gamma-valerolactones and other metabolites varies among people consuming similar amounts. This may contribute to heterogeneous trial responses and suggests new stratification criteria.
The signal can improve study design but is not yet a validated personalised prescription. Harmonised methods, longitudinal measurements and causal confirmation are needed before metabotypes move into routine use.
Botanical and functional-food development may improve by measuring metabolite exposure, producer phenotype and microbiome composition alongside ingested dose.
A scoping review of heterogeneous studies: associations and metabotypes do not prove causality or justify automatic commercial personalisation.
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