The review searched randomised trials through January 2024 and included nine studies totalling 699 adults with type 2 diabetes. Pooled outcomes were body weight, body mass index and waist circumference.

Random-effects estimates were reductions of 1.65 kg, 0.69 kg/m² and 0.93 cm. Subgroup analysis suggested larger effects above 1,000 mg/day, which must remain connected to formulation, duration and study quality.

The finding supports a research question, not an automatic therapeutic position. Heterogeneity among preparations, lack of prospective review registration and modest absolute effects limit commercial translation.

Why it matters

The synthesis supports interest in metabolic and weight-management applications while requiring dose, formulation and population to remain attached to the finding.

Evidence limit

Only nine RCTs, no PROSPERO registration, heterogeneous formulations and protocols, and modest clinical magnitude; the article was online in 2025 before appearing in the 2026 issue.

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